Learning and problem
1. Understanding Learning
Learning is a process, and an activity that is very fundamental element in the administration of every type and level of education. Thus, many experts are making different definitions of learning, because of differences in point of view.
Under the proposed definition will learn according to some experts, among them:
1. Skinner in Barlow (1985) in his book Educational Psychology: The Teaching Learning Process, learning is a process of adaptation that takes place progressively.
2. Chaplin (1972) in Psychology Dictionary limiting learning with 2 kinds:
a. Learning is the acquisition of behavioral changes are relatively sedentary as a result of training and experience.
b. Learning is the process of obtaining responses as a result of special training.
3. Hintzman (1987) in his book The Psychology of Learning and Memory argues that learning is a change that happens to an organism, human or animal due to the experience that can affect the behavior of the organism.
4. Wittig (1981) in his book Psychology of Learning learning is a relatively permanent change that occurs in all kinds / overall behavior of an organism as a result.
5. Reber (1989) in the Dictionary of Psychology. He said there are two definitions of learning, namely:
a. Learning is a process of gaining knowledge
b. Learning is a change in the relative ability to react as a result of exercise lasting reinforced.
Thus it can be understood that learning process include:
a. Changes are generally settled (relatively permanent)
b. Ability to react (response potentiality)
c. Can be reinforced (Reinforced)
d. Through practice and training (Practice)
2. Factors Affecting the Learning Difficulties
Behavior change is one of the learning objectives, but there are several factors that affect the difficulty in learning. Factors that affect learning difficulties there are 2 kinds, namely:
a. Factors Intern Learning
Internal factors are factors that come from the individuals themselves, such as maturity, intelligence, motivation and interest.
b. External factors Learning
External factors closely related to social or environmental factors the individual concerned. For example, the state of the family, the community, teachers and props used in the school.
a.1 Internal Factors
* Maturity
Because immature mental maturity, we will be unable to teach the concepts of philosophy of science to elementary school students. Provision of certain materials will be accomplished in accordance with our rate of growth and development of the individual or student. Therefore, both physical and spiritual potential needs to be reconsidered maturity.
* Intelligence (IQ)
Success of individuals learn various knowledge determined by the level of intelligence, for example, a science has enough to be studied by an individual in a particular age level. Intelligence of the individual concerned but less support, the knowledge he had learned still will not understand it. Similarly, in other matters, such as the day-to-day chores, such as cooking and making simple toys, in the same level are not all individuals are able to do it well.
* Motivation
Motivasipun determining learning success. Motivation is the drive to do something. The impetus nothing came of the individual concerned and some are coming from outside of the individual concerned, such as the role of parents, friends and teachers.
* Interests
Interest in learning from the individual himself is a very dominant factor in the effects on learning, because if from within the individual does not have the slightest willingness or interest to learn, the lessons they have received the results will be worth it. Automatic lessons are not included at all in his IQ.
b.1 External Factors
* Family Environment
Family environment also determine the success of learning. Economic status, social status, customs and atmosphere encourage families to participate to the success of learning. The family atmosphere is serene and peaceful harmony very supportive family relationships. Relationship between parents and children will be felt for each other and complement. If the child finds it difficult to learn, with a wise and understanding parents give their views and opinions on the settlement of his learning problems.
* Community Environment
Greatly affect the role of the individual in learning. Each pattern of society which may deviate by learning in school will be quickly absorbed into the individual, because the knowledge gained from his experience engaging with the community will be more easily absorbed by the individual rather than the experience of learning at school. So the role of the public will be able to change the behavior of individuals in the learning process.
* Guru
The role of teachers can affect learning. Can be seen from the way teachers teach to the students, it was decisive in the success of learning. Attitude and personality of the teacher, the knowledge base in education, mastery of teaching techniques, and the ability to dive into the mind of each individual student is very important. Therefore, the teacher as a motivator, teacher as facilitator, the teacher as an innovator, and the teacher as a conductor individual student issues, needs to be a reference for ongoing educational process.
* Shape Tool Lesson
Tools can be a form of lessons instead of hitting the books, lessons, props, writing tools, and so on. Difficult to obtain or have learning tools directly or indirectly affect students' success in learning. Students will likely succeed if supported by tools appropriate lessons. The lesson tools will support the process of understanding the child. For example, through the simple practice of the subject matter they have learned.
* Learning Opportunities
Learning opportunities is a factor that is being pursued through a Compulsory Government (Fair) 9 Year Basic Education announced that starting school year 1994/1995. Naturally, the declaration is an alternative to providing the opportunity for the students, especially for those whose parents are less able berekonomi.
A child who does not have the opportunity to learn as economically disadvantaged, but on the other hand the child berintelegensi high, then he will find obstacles in his ideals aspirations intact. Although the motivation is so high to achieve a desired goal, but if it is not supported by sufficient economic, it will be a relatively serious obstacles. Vice versa, a child of the family who are able, have a high intelligence, attends favourit, and supported by the infrastructure department, may not be able to learn well, because there are several factors that can influence the child to learn well, such as motivation, harmonious family environment, distance from home to school is quite far away so tiring, special attention from classroom teachers, and other things that allow the student unsuccessful.
3. How to Cope with Learning Difficulties
Some ways to overcome difficulties in learning can be done by learning effective and efficient. This way is problematic that needs serious attention. Parents and Teachers class often gives advice to the students to study hard because the base of the diligent is smart. Smart people will be able to develop themselves in accordance with the times which is too complex.
Here are some alternatives in learning difficulties:
1. Classroom Observation
At this stage, classroom observation can help reduce the level of difficulty in learning, such as how to check the physical condition of the classroom learning activities, quite comfortable, fresh, healthy and alive or not. If the class atmosphere is very comfortable, quiet and healthy, then it all can motivate students to learn more passion again.
2. Equipment inspection Sense
In this case it can be focused on specific student health level of the sensory organs. Attempted at least once a month the school doing a test or medical examination at the health center / doctor, because the level of good health can support a good lesson anyway. Therefore, the importance of the sensory organs can stimulate learning materials directly to the individual.
3. Engineering Main Role
Here, a teacher can visit the home of a disciple. There, a teacher can freely see, pay attention to the following students all around him. Here the teacher can directly conduct interviews with the parents about the child's personality, family, the economy, employment and others. Also, the teacher can see the state of the house, the condition and the situation with the public directly.
4. Diagnostic Tests Skills / IQ Test / Psycho
In this case the teacher can determine the extent of a person's IQ can be viewed by way of answering the questions of practical and simple. With psychological exercises can be taken multiple student personalities practical value in terms of basic, logic and one's privacy.
5. Compiling Program Improvement
The preparation program shall begin in terms of teacher first. A teacher should be a konsevator, transmitters, transformers, and organizers. Complete the next few props or other tools that support better teaching, as to the completeness-completeness of the more complex, belajarpun motivation will be easily obtained by the students.
Let all the fully realized by the teachers so that there are no longer obstacles and barriers that can affect learning. In addition, the level of discipline that is applied in a school can support the goodness in the process of learning. Discipline in the study will be able to motivate students' learning activities.
1. Understanding Learning
Learning is a process, and an activity that is very fundamental element in the administration of every type and level of education. Thus, many experts are making different definitions of learning, because of differences in point of view.
Under the proposed definition will learn according to some experts, among them:
1. Skinner in Barlow (1985) in his book Educational Psychology: The Teaching Learning Process, learning is a process of adaptation that takes place progressively.
2. Chaplin (1972) in Psychology Dictionary limiting learning with 2 kinds:
a. Learning is the acquisition of behavioral changes are relatively sedentary as a result of training and experience.
b. Learning is the process of obtaining responses as a result of special training.
3. Hintzman (1987) in his book The Psychology of Learning and Memory argues that learning is a change that happens to an organism, human or animal due to the experience that can affect the behavior of the organism.
4. Wittig (1981) in his book Psychology of Learning learning is a relatively permanent change that occurs in all kinds / overall behavior of an organism as a result.
5. Reber (1989) in the Dictionary of Psychology. He said there are two definitions of learning, namely:
a. Learning is a process of gaining knowledge
b. Learning is a change in the relative ability to react as a result of exercise lasting reinforced.
Thus it can be understood that learning process include:
a. Changes are generally settled (relatively permanent)
b. Ability to react (response potentiality)
c. Can be reinforced (Reinforced)
d. Through practice and training (Practice)
2. Factors Affecting the Learning Difficulties
Behavior change is one of the learning objectives, but there are several factors that affect the difficulty in learning. Factors that affect learning difficulties there are 2 kinds, namely:
a. Factors Intern Learning
Internal factors are factors that come from the individuals themselves, such as maturity, intelligence, motivation and interest.
b. External factors Learning
External factors closely related to social or environmental factors the individual concerned. For example, the state of the family, the community, teachers and props used in the school.
a.1 Internal Factors
* Maturity
Because immature mental maturity, we will be unable to teach the concepts of philosophy of science to elementary school students. Provision of certain materials will be accomplished in accordance with our rate of growth and development of the individual or student. Therefore, both physical and spiritual potential needs to be reconsidered maturity.
* Intelligence (IQ)
Success of individuals learn various knowledge determined by the level of intelligence, for example, a science has enough to be studied by an individual in a particular age level. Intelligence of the individual concerned but less support, the knowledge he had learned still will not understand it. Similarly, in other matters, such as the day-to-day chores, such as cooking and making simple toys, in the same level are not all individuals are able to do it well.
* Motivation
Motivasipun determining learning success. Motivation is the drive to do something. The impetus nothing came of the individual concerned and some are coming from outside of the individual concerned, such as the role of parents, friends and teachers.
* Interests
Interest in learning from the individual himself is a very dominant factor in the effects on learning, because if from within the individual does not have the slightest willingness or interest to learn, the lessons they have received the results will be worth it. Automatic lessons are not included at all in his IQ.
b.1 External Factors
* Family Environment
Family environment also determine the success of learning. Economic status, social status, customs and atmosphere encourage families to participate to the success of learning. The family atmosphere is serene and peaceful harmony very supportive family relationships. Relationship between parents and children will be felt for each other and complement. If the child finds it difficult to learn, with a wise and understanding parents give their views and opinions on the settlement of his learning problems.
* Community Environment
Greatly affect the role of the individual in learning. Each pattern of society which may deviate by learning in school will be quickly absorbed into the individual, because the knowledge gained from his experience engaging with the community will be more easily absorbed by the individual rather than the experience of learning at school. So the role of the public will be able to change the behavior of individuals in the learning process.
* Guru
The role of teachers can affect learning. Can be seen from the way teachers teach to the students, it was decisive in the success of learning. Attitude and personality of the teacher, the knowledge base in education, mastery of teaching techniques, and the ability to dive into the mind of each individual student is very important. Therefore, the teacher as a motivator, teacher as facilitator, the teacher as an innovator, and the teacher as a conductor individual student issues, needs to be a reference for ongoing educational process.
* Shape Tool Lesson
Tools can be a form of lessons instead of hitting the books, lessons, props, writing tools, and so on. Difficult to obtain or have learning tools directly or indirectly affect students' success in learning. Students will likely succeed if supported by tools appropriate lessons. The lesson tools will support the process of understanding the child. For example, through the simple practice of the subject matter they have learned.
* Learning Opportunities
Learning opportunities is a factor that is being pursued through a Compulsory Government (Fair) 9 Year Basic Education announced that starting school year 1994/1995. Naturally, the declaration is an alternative to providing the opportunity for the students, especially for those whose parents are less able berekonomi.
A child who does not have the opportunity to learn as economically disadvantaged, but on the other hand the child berintelegensi high, then he will find obstacles in his ideals aspirations intact. Although the motivation is so high to achieve a desired goal, but if it is not supported by sufficient economic, it will be a relatively serious obstacles. Vice versa, a child of the family who are able, have a high intelligence, attends favourit, and supported by the infrastructure department, may not be able to learn well, because there are several factors that can influence the child to learn well, such as motivation, harmonious family environment, distance from home to school is quite far away so tiring, special attention from classroom teachers, and other things that allow the student unsuccessful.
3. How to Cope with Learning Difficulties
Some ways to overcome difficulties in learning can be done by learning effective and efficient. This way is problematic that needs serious attention. Parents and Teachers class often gives advice to the students to study hard because the base of the diligent is smart. Smart people will be able to develop themselves in accordance with the times which is too complex.
Here are some alternatives in learning difficulties:
1. Classroom Observation
At this stage, classroom observation can help reduce the level of difficulty in learning, such as how to check the physical condition of the classroom learning activities, quite comfortable, fresh, healthy and alive or not. If the class atmosphere is very comfortable, quiet and healthy, then it all can motivate students to learn more passion again.
2. Equipment inspection Sense
In this case it can be focused on specific student health level of the sensory organs. Attempted at least once a month the school doing a test or medical examination at the health center / doctor, because the level of good health can support a good lesson anyway. Therefore, the importance of the sensory organs can stimulate learning materials directly to the individual.
3. Engineering Main Role
Here, a teacher can visit the home of a disciple. There, a teacher can freely see, pay attention to the following students all around him. Here the teacher can directly conduct interviews with the parents about the child's personality, family, the economy, employment and others. Also, the teacher can see the state of the house, the condition and the situation with the public directly.
4. Diagnostic Tests Skills / IQ Test / Psycho
In this case the teacher can determine the extent of a person's IQ can be viewed by way of answering the questions of practical and simple. With psychological exercises can be taken multiple student personalities practical value in terms of basic, logic and one's privacy.
5. Compiling Program Improvement
The preparation program shall begin in terms of teacher first. A teacher should be a konsevator, transmitters, transformers, and organizers. Complete the next few props or other tools that support better teaching, as to the completeness-completeness of the more complex, belajarpun motivation will be easily obtained by the students.
Let all the fully realized by the teachers so that there are no longer obstacles and barriers that can affect learning. In addition, the level of discipline that is applied in a school can support the goodness in the process of learning. Discipline in the study will be able to motivate students' learning activities.
Unknown
GUIDANCE AND COUNSELLING
