Pengertian konsep klasifikasi, perbandingan, konsep, proporsisi, dan pemikiran

Setelah kita mengetahui struktur ilmu, maka jelas bahwa konsep merupakan bagian dari struktur ilmu, oleh karena itu konsep-konsep dalam ilmu akan kami jelaskan lebih lanjut, diantaranya adalah:

a.       Konsep klasifikasi

Konsep merupakan istilah dan definisi yang digunakan untuk menggambarkan gejala secara abstrak. Sedangkan klasifikasi adalah pengelompokan sesuai dengan tingkatan/ kelas. Jadi konsep klasifikasi adalah suatu konsep yang meletakkan objek yang sedang ditelaah dalam suatu kelas tertentu. Semua konsep taksonomi dalam botani dan zoologi dengan bermacam sepesies, famili, genus, dan sebagainya merupakan konsep klasifikasi.[1] Ketiga konsep ini hanya berbeda dalam jumlah keterangan yang diberikan kepada kita mengenai suatu objek yang dimaksud. Misalnya bila kita mengemukakan bahwa sebuah objek adalah biru, hangat, atau berupa kubus maka dalam hal ini kita membuat suatu pernyataan yang lemah mengenai suatu objek tersebut. Bila kita tempatkan objek tadi dalam suatu kelas yang lebih sempit maka keterangan yang diberikan akan meningkat meskipun bahwa keterangan tersebut belumlah lengkap. Sebuah pernyataan yang menyatakan bahwa sebuah obyek adalah makluk hidup. Kemudian bila kita katakan lebih Lanjut objek itu adalah binatang, dan lebih lanjut lagi bahwa objek tersebut adalah vertebrata maka kelas itu makin lama makin sempit menjadi mamalia, anjing, poodle, maka keterangan yang diberikan tetntang objek itu makin lama makin meningkat, meskipun tetap relatif kecil. Klasifikasi adalah konsep yang paling dikenal oleh kita semua kata-kata pertama yang dipelajari anak seperti “anjing, kucing, pohon”, pada dasarnya adalah klasifikasi.

Dalam konsep klasifikasi juga terdapat pembagian klasifikasi ilmu. Sebagian intelektual, seperti Jujun S. Suriasumantri, mengklasifikasikan pengetahuan menjadi dua cabang besar, yaitu ilmu (science), (yang mencakup ilmu-ilmu alam dan sosial), dan humaniora (humanities). Humaniora, menurut Elwood  adalah seperangkat sikap dan perilaku moral manusia terhadap sesamanya  yang meliputi filsafat, moral, seni, sejarah, dan bahasa.

b.      Konsep perbandingan

Konsep ini adalah konsep yang lebih efektif, karena konsep ini berperan sebagai perantara antara konsep klasifikasi dan konsep kuantitatif. Pengertian perbandingan itu sendiri adalah berasal dari bahasa inggris yang berarti “comparative” yang artinya bersamaan atau sama.

c.       Konsep konsep

Konsep atau anggitan adalah abstrak, entitas mental yang universal yang menunjuk pada kategori atau kelas dari suatu entitas, kejadian atau hubungan. Istilah konsep berasal dari bahasa latin conceptum, artinya sesuatu yang dipahami. Aristoteles dalam "The classical theory of concepts" menyatakan bahwa konsep merupakan penyusun utama dalam pembentukan pengetahuan ilmiah dan filsafat pemikiran manusia. Konsep merupakan abstraksi suatu ide atau gambaran mental, yang dinyatakan dalam suatu kata atau simbol. Konsep dinyatakan juga sebagai bagian dari pengetahuan yang dibangun dari berbagai macam kharakteristik.[2]

Sebuah konsep juga mempunyai Karakteristik konsep disebut atribut. Konsep itu memiliki tingkatan-tingkatan yang membedakan tingkatan suatu konsep dengan konsep yang lainnya adalah derajat abstraksi yang dimilikinya. Hal yang membedakan tingkat abstraksi suatu konsep dengan konsep lainnya adalah karakteristik utama konsep yang disebut atribut. Dan mempunyai Jenis-jenis konsep, De Cecco membagi konsep menjadi 3 jenis : 1. Konsep konjungtif, Contoh : kita mempunyai sejumlah buku pendidikan IPS yang memiliki ketebalan jumlah halaman materi dan sampul yang sama. Konsep konjungtif bersifat menghendaki pengembangan dari hal-hal yang bersifat konkret. 2. Konsep Disjungtif, Contoh : buku pendidikan IPS dan buku Pendidikan IPA mempunyai perbedaan-perbedaan seperti jumlah halaman, materi, dan sampul walaupun keduanya merupakan buku bacaan ilmiah. 3. Konsep Relasional, Contoh : konsep kepadatan penduduk, konsep waktu dan konsep arah.

d.      Konsep proposisi

Konsep Proposisi Menurut Whitehead mendefisikan proposisi adalah kesatuan sejumlah entitas aktual sebagai kemungkinan untuk membentuk suatu nexus, dengan kemungkinan keterhubungannya yang ditentukan oleh sejumlah objek abadi tertentu yang telah membentuk satu kesatuan objek abadi komplek. Entitas aktual merupakan kenyataan yang paling mendasar dari realitas. Realitas dibentuk dari entitas aktual. [3]

Pengertian proposisi yang lain adalah suatu pernyataan yang berisi banyak konsep kompleks, yang merentang dari subjektif individual sampai objektif. suatu kebenaran dapat diperoleh bila proposisi-proposisinya benar.

e.       Konsep Pemikiran

Konsep Pemikiran merupakan proses membina ilmu dan kefahaman yang melibatkan aktifitas mental dalam otak manusia. Semasa berfikir, otak manusia akan bertindak dengan usaha memahami rangsangan luar yang diterima melalui derita, membentuk konsep, membuat tafsiran dan tindak balas berdasarkan pengalaman yang sedia ada dalam ingatan. [4]

[1] Jujun S. Suriasumantri, Ilmu Dalam Perspektif,  Jakarta, Yayasan Obor Indonesia, 2003, hlm. 147-148

[2] http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konsep

[3] Whitehead, Albert North (terj.), Filsafat Proses, Proses dan Realitas Dalam Kajian Kosmologi, Indonesia, Kreasi Wacana, 2009, hlm. 30

[4] http://gurufikir.blogspot.com/

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Unknown Article, Filsafat

KONSEP KLASIFIKASI, PERBANDINGAN, KONSEP, PROPOSISI, DAN PEMIKIRAN

   1.  Struktur Ilmu dan Karakteristiknya

a.      Struktur Ilmu

Ilmu merupakan hasil usaha pemahaman manusia terhadap kenyataan yang tersusun dalam sebuah sistem setelah melalui penyelidikan dan percobaan (eksperimentasi dan observasi). Ilmu mempunyai struktur atau bagian-bagian yang harus ada dalam ilmu itu sendiri.

Struktur ilmu menggambarkan bagaimana ilmu tersistematisasi dalam suatu batas-batas yang disebut ilmu, di mana keterkaitan antara unsure-unsur nampak jelas. Sturktur akan membentuk body of knowledge atau kerangka ilmu. Unsur-unsur struktur ilmu adalah : fakta, konsep, generalisasi dan teori.

a)      Fakta

Fakta adalah segala sesuatu yang ada di dunia baik gejala alam maupun gejala manusia. Dalam istilah Walter Farmer dan Margareth Farrel fakta adalah peristiwa yang telah terjadi dan telah dicatat tanpa pertentangan pendapat diantara para pengamat. Fakta merupakan bahan baku bagi pembentukan ilmu.

b)     Konsep

Konsep adalah gambaran mental yang menggambarkan atau menunjukkan suatu objek baik tunggal atau dalam suatu kontinum. Konsep ini merupakan abstraksi dari objek-objek obserbvable yang menjadi sasaran atau perhatian ilmu. Hamid Hasan menyatakan bahwa dikenal tiga jenis konsep, yaitu : konsep konjungtif, konsep disjungtif dan konsep relasional. Sedangkan menurut Sofiyan Effendi jika dilihat hubungannya dengan realitas atau fakta diklasifikasikan menjadi dua, yaitu konsep-konsep kongkrit yang jelas hubungannya dengan realitas, seperti meja, kursi dan lain-lain. Konsep konsep yang lebih abstrak dan lebih kabur hubungannya dengan realitas, misalnya emosi, kecerdasan dan lain-lain.

c)      Generalisasi

Generalisasi adalah kesimpulan umum yang ditarik berdasarkan hal-hal khusus. Generalisasi ini menggambarkan keterhubungan antara beberapa konsep dan merupakan hasil kegiatan empiris.

Kebenaran suatu generalisasi ditentukan oleh konsep dan referensi pada fakta-fakta. Generalisasi yang diakui kebenarannya pada satu saat memungkinkan untuk dimodifikasi bila diperoleh fakta baru atau bukti baru bahkan mungkin juga ditinggalkan jika lebih banyak bukti yang mengingkarinya.

d)     Teori

Menurut Kerlinger adalah merupakan seperangkat konsep yang saling berhubungan, definisi, dan proposisi yang menampilkan sebuah pandangan yang sistematis tentang fenomena yang bertujuan untuk menjelaskan dan mempredeksi fenomena (a set of interrelated constructs (concepts), definition and proposition that present a systematic view of phenomena by specifying relation variables, with the purpose of explaining and predicting the phenomena). Adapun teori menurut Redja Mudyahardjo dapat dibagi menurut tingkatannya ke dalam teori induk, teori formal dan teori substantif dengan penjelasan sebagai berikut :

·         Teori induk yaitu sistem pernyataan yang saling berhubungan erat dan konsep-konsep abstrak yang menggambarkan, memprediksi atau menerangkan secara komprehensif hal-hal yang luas tentang gejala-gejala yang tidak dapat diukur tingkat kemungkinannya, misal: teori-teori antropologi.

·         Teori formal yaitu pernyataan-pernyataan yang saling berhubungan, yang dirancang untuk menerangkan suatu kelompok tingkah laku secara singkat, misal: teori kebudayaan Clifford Geerz.

·         Teori substantif yaitu konsep-konsep yang saling berhubungan, yang berkaitan dengan aspek khusus tentang suatu kegiatan, misal: unsur-unsur kebudayaan.

Meurut Moh. Nazir, teori pada dasrnya meruoakan alat bagi ilmu dan berperan dalam hal:

a.       Teori mendefinisikan orientasi utama ilmu dengan cara memberikan definisi terhadap jenis-jenis data yamg akan dibuat abstraksinya

b.      Teori memberikan rencana konseptual

c.       Teori memberi ringkasan terhadap fakta dalam membentuk generalisasi empiris dan sistem generalisasi

d.      Teori memberikan prediksi terhadap fakta.

Teori mempunyai tingkat keberlakuan yang lebih universal dibanding generalisasi. Teori ini merupakan konstruksi terbangunnya ilmu.[1]

b.      Karakteristik Ilmu

Fungsi ilmu adalah untuk keselamatan, kebahagiaan, pengamanan manusia dari segala sesuatu yang menyulitkan. Jadi setiap ilmu dapat dikatakan sebagai ilmu pengetahuan bila memiliki ciri-ciri atau karakteristik.

Ilmu mempunyai karakteristik tersendiri, diantaranya adalah: Sistematik, konsisten, eksplisit dan ilmiah. Disamping itu suatu ilmu mempunyai ciri lain yaitu: bukan satu, melainkan banyak (plural), bersifat terbuka (dapat dikritik), berkaitan dalam memecahkan.

Ciri khas nyata dari ilmu pengetahuan (science) yang tidak dapat diingkari meskipun oleh para ilmuwan adalah bahwa ia tidak mengenal kata “kekal”. Apa yang dianggap salah di masa silam misalnya, dapat diakui kebenarannya di abad modern. Pandangan terhadap persoalan-persoalan ilmiah silih berganti, bukan saja dalam lapangan pembahasan satu ilmu saja, tetapi terutama juga dalam teori-teori setiap cabang ilmu pengetahuan. Dahulu, misalnya, segala sesuatu diterangkan dalam konsep material (istilah-istilah kebendaan) sampai-sampai manusia pun hendak dikatagorikan dalam konsep tersebut. Sekarang ini terdapat psikologi yang membahas mengenai jiwa, budi dan semangat, telah mengambil tempat tersendiri dan mempunyai peranan yang sangat penting dalam kehidupan manusia.

Dalam redaksi lain dikatakan ilmu pengetahuan mempunyai ciri-ciri umum yaitu: obyek ilmu pengetahuan adalah empiris, Ilmu pengetahuan mempunyai karakteristik tersendiri, yaitu mempunyai sistematika, ilmu dihasilkan dari pengamatan, pengalaman studi dan pemikiran, sumber segala ilmu adalah Tuhan, karena Dia yang menciptakannya.[2]

[1] Ulya, Filsafat Ilmu Pengetahuan, Kudus, Stain Press, 2011,  hlm. 42-45

[2] http://muhfathurrohman.wordpress.com/2012/10/18/karakteristik-dan-klasifikasi-ilmu-pengetahuan/

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Unknown Article, Filsafat

Sistem klasifikasi mahkluk hidup dan taksonomi

Sistem klasifikasi adalah sistem yang digunakan oleh ilmuwan untuk mengelompokkan mahkluk hidup. Sistem ini dipelopori oleh Carolus Linnaeus. Cabang ilmu yang mempelajari pengelompokkan mahkluk hidup ke dalam takson-takson adalah taksonomi. sehingga hingga kini ia disebut dengan bapak taksonomi.

Tujuan dari pengelompokkan mahkluk hidup adalah untuk memudahkan mempelajari mahkluk hidup dalam bagian-bagian yang lebih kecil. Mahkluk hidup bisa dikelompok-kelompokkan karena memiliki ciri-ciri morfologi yang sama atau berbeda dengan organisme yang lain.

Pengelompokkan didasarkan atas dasar persamaan dan perbedaan. Dengan adanya persamaan maka beberapa spesies dapat dikelompokkan dalam kelompok yang sama. Dengan adanya ciri-ciri yang berbeda maka dapat beberapa spesies dapat dipisahkan dalam kelompok yang berbeda.

selain taksonomi ada pula cabang ilmu yang mirip dengan taksonomi adalah sistematika. Pada cabang ilmu Sistematika ini kegiatannya meliputi Identifikasi, Klasifikasi, dan Tata nama. Mari kita bahas satu per satu.

·         Pada Kegiatan Identifikasi, kita melakukan kegiatan membandingkan organisme dengan organsime yang sudah ada dengan melihat karakter yang dimiliki oleh organisme tersebut.

·         kemudian pada kegiatan Klasifikasi kita akan mengelompokkan organisme tersebut ke dalam takson-takson -seperti spesies, genus, ordo, famili, class, divisi/filum-berdasarkan persamaan dan perbedaan yang ada. Semua karakter yang berbeda akan dipisahkan dalam takson yang berbeda sedangkan karakter yang sama akan diletakkan dalam takson yang sama.

·         konsep klasifikasi takson adalah:

·         Semakin tinggi takson maka akan semakin banyak perbedaan demikian juga sebaliknya

·         semakin tinggi takson semakin banyak macam spesiesnya demikian juga sebaliknya

·         Semakin tinggi takson hubungan kekerabatannya semakin jauh

·         Pada kegiatan tata nama kita memberikan nama suatu spesies berdasarkan karakter yang sudah diidentifikasi dan diklasifikasikan dengan menggunakan aturan binomial nomenclature yang dicetuskan oleh C. Linaeus. Berikut ini adalah aturannya :

·         Nama spesies harus terdiri dari dua kata

·         Kata yang digunakan adalah kata latin atau yang dilatinkan

·         Kata pertama adalah Genusnya (diawali dengan huruf kapital)

·         kata kedua adalah epiteton spesifikumnya (diawali tidak dengan huruf kapital)

·         Contohnya perhatikan gambar di bawah ini:

tata nama binomial

·         Harus dicetak miring atau jika ditulis tegak harus diberi garis bawah yang dipisah.

·         contoh yang benar : Zea mays

demikianlah konsep pada sistem kalsifikasi mahkluk hidup.

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Unknown Article

Emotion Understanding 5-8 Year -Olds

Children feel they have the right as an adult ; no longer think that adults could govern children ; has the potential to act violently as a result of the declining authority of parents / teachers in their minds ; has a rigid concept of justice , which is tit for tat ( "If the A do good to me , I 'll be nice to him " ) ; understand the need for good behavior that endeared others; often compare and ask for fair treatment .
How to provide education for children of this age is to give a sense of how important the " love " of doing things , not solely because of the principle of reciprocity . Emphasize the religious values ​​that uphold the love and sacrifice . Encourage your child to feel what is perceived by others. Help our children to live up to our expectations , not only because you want to praise or to avoid punishment . Create an intimate relationship that , in order to care for the child and the wishes of our expectations . Remember the importance of affection among family and broaden the affection outside the family , that is for others . Give examples of behavior in terms of helping and caring for others .

conclusion
Each child has different levels depending emotions even typical . The emotions are as implementation thoughts , feelings they have. The types of emotions that they have such as anger, sadness , joy , shame , and so forth is that they tend to have for their age . Thus , it can be concluded that emotion is a strong affective color and characterized by physical changes such as changes in facial expression and change their behavior .

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Unknown Article

The development of Emotions

Parents need to understand the emotions of a child . It's very important , because if the child's emotions are not properly managed , the development of future emotions also not maksimal.da misperception about the emotions of the parents . Emotions were seen on something negative . Though there is a positive emotion and some are negative . Negative emotions is what parents should be managed through stimulation presidency .

Example if a child fails a swimming champion , parents do not get angry with the child and said some who accuse the child 's parents do not want to listen to commands . " Anger is a parent to the child who fails a champion is not swimming right thing . Children who experienced failure , must be stimulated and listened to his complaint why he could lose . Let children express themselves and their emotions enough to listen or to help parents cope with the disappointment of the child who failed .
When a child cries , the parents should not yell at cursing the child. This includes negative words that could have an effect on the child's emotions . Based on research Taxforce Responsibility America , showed 10 % of children in America received 432 negative words every day either from parents , schools and the environment .
And 8 of the 10 children studied after receiving many negative words , experiencing negative emotional development . This means that the impact is very clear , negative words are not good for the child 's emotional development .
Stimulation depression in children , can be given the appropriate stage of age . For children under 5 years of parents plays a protective , parental age 5-8 years can be educators , parents contribute ages 9-12 years so coaches and parents aged 13-18 years be enough support .

Psychological development of the Child
Psychological development of children can be measured by their emotional intelligence . Charlotte Buhler , divide the psychological development of children into 5 phases :
• Phase I ( 0-1 ) into the objective development of subjective attitudes
• Phase II ( I- 4 ) the extent of the relationship with surrounding objects or familiar objects subjectively .
• Phase III ( 4-8 ) future income to the community objective , social relationship .
• Phase IV ( 8-13 ) the appearance of an object of interest to the world until at its peak , he began to separate themselves from others and surrounding consciously .
• Phase V ( 13-19 ) period of self-discovery and maturity that synthesa subjective and objective attitude .
Buhler dikemukan As the third phase of the idea that the child is able to objectively into the social environment . Children have started to interact intensely with the environment even know his identity . Such as when playing so they formed small groups as an expression of their emotions in a container berintekasi . At this age the number of friends is an important part to their presence in the environment .
A friend is someone who has an interesting toy near his residence around them , and they have the same Ketertarikkan . Personality of the friend is not a problem , the most important thing for them is an activity and what toys they have, their friendship will be interrupted when one of the child does not want to play again with other children because of burnout and boredom , their friendship will be disconnected as soon as possible and nurtured back just like that .
Examples of conversations that we often encounter in children aged 5 to 8 years , among others, the sharing of food , for example, "If you give me chocolate , you my friend anymore " In this age they are so easily said about the friends , the conversation usually begins with the words " who 's your name ? and my name is ...... " and they can not just be friends with each other after knowing each other's names .

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Erikson's theory

Erik Erikson (1902-1994) says that there are eight stages of development unfolds when we transcend the cycle of life. Each stage consists of typical development tasks and prioritize individuals with a crisis that must be faced. For Erikson, this crisis is not a catastrophe, but a turning point and an increase in the potential for increased susceptibility.The more successful the individual to overcome the crisis, they will be more healthy development. Here are a few stages of development according to Erik Erikson's crisis:
Trust and distrust (trust versus mistrust)Is the first stage of psychosocial experienced in the first year of life. An uncomfortable feeling of confidence physically demanding and a small amount of fear and anxiety about the future. Confidence in infancy determines the hope that the world would be a better place to live and fun.Autonomy with a sense of shame and doubt (autonomy versus shame and doubt)The second is the stage of development that takes place in infancy and just started running (1-3 years). After gaining trust in their caregivers, infants begin to discover that their behavior is at will. They realize their willingness to think independently and their autonomy. If the baby is likely to be limited so they will tend to develop a sense of shame and doubt.Initiative and guilt (initiative versus guilt)A third phase that lasted for school years. When they entered the world of school they are more challenged than when it was a baby. Active children are expected to meet this challenge with a sense of responsibility for their behavior, their toys, and their pets. Children responsible for promoting the initiative. However, guilt can arise, if the child is not given the confidence and made them very anxious.Diligent and low self-esteem (industry versus inferiority)Took place during the years of elementary school. No other problems were more enthusiastic than at the end of the initial period of the children of imagination. When children enter elementary school years, they redirect their energies on the acquisition of knowledge and intellectual skills. Dangerous at this stage is feeling incompetent and unproductive.Identity and identity confusion (identity versus identity confusion)The fifth stage is experienced by individuals during the years of adolescence. At this stage they are confronted by the search for who they are, how they are later, and where they will lead the future. One important dimension is the exploration of alternative options for the role. Career assessment is important. Parents should allow older children to explore many roles and many roads. If the child explore various roles and find positive role then he will achieve a positive identity. If the parent refuses adolescent identity while teenagers do not know many roles and also explained about the positive future he will experience identity confusion.Intimacy and isolation (intimacy versus isolation)The sixth stage is experienced in the early days of adulthood. At this time people faced the task of forming intimate relationships with the development of others. When young children form healthy friendships and intimate relationships are intimate with others, intimacy will be achieved, if not, isolation will occur.Wake up and stop (generality versus stagnation)Seventh stage of growth experienced during mid-adulthood. The main problem is helping young people to develop and lead a useful life (generality). Feeling of not doing anything to help the next generation is the stagnationIntegrity and disappointment (integrity versus despair)Experienced during the eighth stage of adolescence. In the last years of life, we look back and evaluate what we have done for a living. If he has done something good in a past life then integrity is achieved. Conversely, if he considers long ago life in a negative way then it will tend to feel guilty and disappointed.

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Unknown Article, GUIDANCE AND COUNSELLING

INFLASI

Inflation is a process of rising prices in general and constantly associated with the market mechanism that can be caused by various factors. Terebut factors, among others, increased consumption, excess liquidity in the market that triggered the consumption or even speculation, as well as due to the lack of launch distribution of goods. In other words, inflation is also a decline in the value of the currency continuously. Inflation is the process of an event, not a higher or lower price level. That is, the price level is considered high inflation does not necessarily indicate. Inflation is an indicator to see the rate of change, and is considered to occur if the price increase takes place continuously and mutually influence affect.
Inflation can be caused by two things, namely pull demand (excess liquidity / currency / medium of exchange) and the second is the insistence of production and distribution (including the lack of production and lack of distribution). For more affected first because of the role of the state in monetary policy (Central Bank), while the second is more affected because of the role of the state in which the policy executor in this case held by the Government, such as fiscal (taxation / levies / incentives / disincentives), infrastructure development policy , regulation.
Based on its origin, inflation can be classified into two, namely inflation from inflation in the country and overseas. Inflation comes from the country to be the case due to budget deficits financed by printing new money and market failures that result in food prices to be expensive. Meanwhile, inflation from abroad is inflation that occurs as a result of rising prices of imported goods. This could happen due to the cost of producing goods overseas height or an increase in import tariffs of goods.
Inflation can also be divided based on the amount of coverage of the effect on prices. If the price increase happens only with one or two specific items, inflation is called inflation closed (Closed Inflation). However, if the price increases occurred in all goods in general, inflation is referred to as an open inflation (Open Inflation). Whereas if inflation so great that attacks all the time constantly changing prices and increased so that people can not hold money longer value for money continues to decline due to so-called runaway inflation (hyperinflation).
Based on the severity of inflation also can be distinguished:
Mild inflation (less than 10% / year)
Inflation is moderate (between 10% to 30% / year)
Inflation weight (between 30% to 100% / year)
Hyperinflation (over 100% / year)
Inflation has both positive and negative effects depending on whether or not severe inflation. If inflation is mild, it has a positive effect in terms of stimulating the economy could be better, which is to increase the national income and get people excited to work, save and invest. Conversely, in a period of severe inflation, which in the event of uncontrolled inflation (hyperinflation), the state of the economy into chaos and felt sluggish economy. People become excited about work, savings, or investments and production as prices rise rapidly. The fixed income earners such as civil servants or private employees, and the workers will also be overwhelmed bore and offset the price so that their lives are wasting away and fell from time to time.
Here is the positive impact of inflation on the economy
1. Circulation / turnover faster.
2. Production of goods increases, as employers increase profits.
3. Employment opportunities increase, due to additional investment.
4. Nominal income increases, but the real reduced, because kenaikanpendapatan small.
The negative impact of inflation on the economy
1. Prices of goods and services rose.
2. Values ​​and beliefs about money going down or reduced.
3. Raises speculation measures.
4. Many development projects stalled or abandoned.
5. Reduced public saving awareness.
Here are the parties who benefit from inflation:
a. The entrepreneur, who at the time before inflation, already has stock / stock production of goods ready for sale in large quantities.
b. The traders, who used the occasion plays inflation item price. How it is used to raise the price, because they want to profit / benefit.
c. The speculators, the persons or entities who held speculation, hoarding of goods by as much as possible before the onset of inflation, and sell it back on when inflation occurs, resulting in the increase of their prices are very favorable.
d. The borrower, since the loan was taken before the prices of goods go up, so that its real value is higher than after inflation occurs, but the borrower pay back the equipment in accordance with an agreement made before the inflation. For example, mortgage credit decision before inflation resulting BTN prices of building materials and home mortgage BTN rose, while the number of installments to be paid to the BTN still does not come raised.
While the aggrieved parties among others:
a. The consumer, having to pay higher prices, so that goods obtained less when compared to the prior occurrence of inflation.
b. Those whose income is fixed, as with a regular income, rising prices of goods and services, resulting in the amount of goods and services can be purchased a little more, so that real income is reduced, while the increase in income, or income in the event of inflation can hardly be expected.
c. The contractor or contractors, because they have to expend additional fee to cover expenses resulting from inflation and result in reduced benefits arising from the project is done.
d. The lender / creditor, because the real value of the loan has been granted become smaller as a result of inflation. For example, before inflation, borrowing Rp 500.000,00 = 25 grams of gold, after inflation = 20 grams of gold.
e. Savers, because when inflation interest earned from savings felt smaller when compared to the price increases that occurred. In addition, due to rising prices of goods and services, the value of the saved money to lower / down, when compared to before the inflation.
But the government also has certain ways to tackle inflation. These methods include:
1. Monetary Policy
Diskoto Politics (Political money is tight): bank raised interest rates so that the money supply can be reduced.
Open market policy: the central bank sells bonds or securities to the capital market to absorb money from the public and the central bank sells securities to suppress growth of the money supply so that the money supply can be reduced and the rate of inflation may be lower.
Improved cash ratio: Raise cash reserves in the bank so that the amount of money banks can lend to customers / public to be reduced. This means it can reduce the amount of money in circulation.
2. Fiscal Policy
Organize receipts and expenditures. Government spending that does not add to the budget deficit is not.
Raise taxes. By raising taxes, consumers will reduce their consumption as part of their income to pay taxes.
3. Non Monetary Policy
Encourage employers to raise their production.
Pressing the wage rate.
Government oversight and at the same price set maximum prices.
The government made the distribution directly.
Poverty is severe inflation (hyper inflation) reached by way of doing sneering (cutting of the currency). Senering This has been done by the government in the 1960's when inflation reached 650%. The government cut the value of the currency denominations of Rp. 1000.00 to Rp. 1.00.
Policies related to output. The increase in output can reduce the rate of inflation. The increase in the number of outputs can be achieved for example by reduction of import duty policy that imports tend to increase. Increasing the number of goods in the country tends to lower the price.
Pricing policies and indexing. This is done by determining the ceiling price.
4. Real Sector Policies
Government to stimulate banks to give more specific credit to MSMEs (Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises). Examples BRI bank launched this year as Microyear.
Pressing the flow of imported goods by raising taxes.
Stimulate people to use domestic products.
While inflation could be positive or negative, on the Indonesian economy, but it would be nice if the economic situation in Indonesia remains stable. So no one can get double benefits, while others experienced economic slump. Inflation prevention should be done as soon as possible before the bad inflation. Required skills in observing the government's economic conditions that occur at this time. Coupled with the lifestyle of the people of Indonesia tend consumptive. Not infrequently it lead to inflation. Hopefully someday Indonesia's economy could be better and will not cause gaps community.
http://wartawarga.gunadarma.ac.id/2011/03/httptwentytwopm-wordpress-com/
Since the advent of money as a medium of exchange authorized the presence of money has a crucial role in every human life. This can be proven from how every human being in need of money as a medium of exchange for goods and services required to fulfill his life, as an example, is how we need the money to finance health care, insurance, education, entertainment fulfilling the needs of everyday life and examples others can be found in everyday behavior. Apart from the need for money then on the other hand there are other aspects of the money itself that is inflation.
Inflation is defined as an increase in the overall prices of goods and is usually measured by the consumer price index. From the definition of the concept of inflation is reflected in that only occur when there is increase in goods as a whole and not just some stuff just so that if there is inflation, the value of the purchasing power of money will be drained owned or reduced because of rising prices of goods. Based on previous understanding crystallized that inflation has negative aspects and needs to be maintained at a certain level (2% -3%), but also has the benefit of actual inflation (oportunity) seen from the perspective of international finance as it relates or related to or a negative surplus of the balance of trade so writing This purpose is to explore the positive and negative inflation on the trade balance.
One item of the balance of payments is heading the trade balance comprising two subpost ie exports and imports. Further that the export and import element is an element that is crucial for the calculation of GDP (gross national product). Inflation can largely resulting from excess demand over supply or caused by the increase in the cost of the encouragement. But regardless of the cause of inflation is contained implicitly meaning that inflation is a challenge and an opportunity, which is a challenge because it takes the help of the government by playing two instruments, namely monetary policy, by raising the rank of interest and withdraw the money supply to the hands of the people so that it will be an adjustment price (invisible hand) and fiscal policy is to raise taxes to reduce revenue and profit as well as going on the invisible hand, while saying the opportunity as it relates to favorable exchange rates and exports.
As said at the beginning that inflation has a negative aspect as it will deplete the purchasing power of money owned so much allows people to save money on financial institutions because the government will respond by raising interest rates and favorable customer manabung financial institutions. Another aspect of inflation that would lead to fluctuations in exchange rates and stock prices overall. Or in other words that inflation will lead to increased corporate costs (direct material costs, direct labor costs and overhead costs) that affect the company's operating profit and if a company has a high leverage it will drain a net profit after tax. With rising costs, the company will then automatically raise the price of products and services to maintain its profits and if persists in the short and long term it will increase the probability the buyer to move to a competitor and this information will be circulated widely and affect investor perception that the firm's current performance and outlook is not good so it will respond by releasing shares held and there was a correction in the stock price.

Further worsening the perception that the investors and affect a particular stock index (JCI), the decline will affect the perception of foreign investors about the prospects of the company's performance in the future and the impact on the action release domestic company stocks and the rupiah exchange from the sale of shares with dollars and lead to increased demand for the dollar and ended the strengthening dollar and weakening rupiah. But despite some negative effect of inflation, the existence of inflation also has a chance if they can be put to good use and as stated earlier the chances of inflation is closely related to aspects of export and import.
Reasoning positive impact on exports and imports inflation occurs because when the increase in the price of goods to be exported then the domestic currency tends to depreciate so that the price of goods for export tend to be cheaper, but it requires several conditions must be met: (1) input costs to produce these goods have a low proportion of imports or production inputs obtained from a domestic and a few are derived from imports, (2) the current exchange rate shocks as inflation then companies have a fleet of good marketing and sales . To clarify the understanding of these two terms is then presented as an example below.
"Initial conditions before the shock rate the selling price of goods A of Rp5000 per product rate Rp5000 / $ and if there rupiah depreciation to Rp10000 / $ and if the company is able to maintain the selling price Rp5000 the selling price of the dollar change of $ 1 per product to $ 0.5 per product. This example looks simple but when these two conditions are met then the company will not experience increases in costs that affect operating profit and sales force and marketing still exist then the demand can still be obtained and profitable profits to be obtained ".
Examples and explanations in the previous section looks simple because it is excluding taxes and other relevant costs into the analysis, but apart from that it is still there because of its relevance as it is known that the cost element has a vital role in acquiring a profitable sale in the condition that the company inflasipun companies could still exist as long as the company does not have a dependency on imported inputs or raw materials but instead received input or raw materials from domestic and to achieve this it is necessary to support the government specially for the proper management focus and true will and support of all domestic agricultural institutions and communities to optimize domestic agriculture and long-term impact on the competitive advantage of the Indonesian state.

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Unknown Article, Inflasi

Jakarta Ekopolitan

ENVIRONMENT living in Jakarta were increasingly lost its capacity. After the flood that always come every time it rains, now Jakarta faced other threats are no less daunting.

Two weeks ago, the road that connects the central economic Tanjung Priok to downtown Jakarta, sinkhole as deep as 7 meters along 103 meters.

Not only RE Martadinata that ambles. Muara Angke Fish Harbour wharf, North Jakarta, earlier this week, as well as deep as 20 cm ambles along 167 meters.

Two events amblesnya ground in North Jakarta showed more strongly than had been previously realized that Jakarta was to proceed towards the sink.

Actual, the process is not a new phenomenon that surprised and came suddenly. Government and citizens of the capital already know the ecological disaster that manifest or latent continue to take place every day.

For a long time, we know that weekly and even daily flood happens every time it rains. Rob in North Jakarta continues to take place every year. Also known to have long continued land subsidence here and there. Tilt buildings on Jalan MH Thamrin and Jalan Sudirman had been going on since a few years ago.

The experts have also confirmed that the Jakarta area, especially North Jakarta, has dropped 18-26 cm per year. On the other hand, sea levels have continued to rise even as high as 0.8 cm per year.

Therefore, if RE Jalan Muara Angke Martadinata and ambles dock, it's the next logical step from the disaster that is increasingly real and substantial impact.

Ironically, despite knowledge of the ecological plight that has expanded awareness to prevent and slow shrinking it even disappears. Jakarta residents increasingly do not care about the symptoms of a sick environment.

Residential development, offices and shopping centers that bypass the general plan layout and spend the green zone still ongoing. All running style business as usual. Amblesnya RE Martadinata and Muara Angke was ultimately deemed ordinary events, such as floods usually come every time it rains. This attitude is very dangerous indeed.

Because of that, it's time to Jakarta to impose harsh environmental law in order to adopt the Capital ekopolitan regime, a regime that mega rekindle with emphasis on ecological principles. The central government must take steps to follow up the transfer of pressure to reduce the burden of the state capital of Jakarta that could not be borne. Without it, Jakarta is still going to sink.

Jakarta is screaming with the carrying capacity of the passing threshold. If allowed to continue, which will take place is the ecological apocalypse.

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Unknown Article, Opini